Chemical Process Industry Shreves Download Music

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LECTURE 6INDUSTRIAL GASESChapter 7 in Shreves Chemical IndustriesCARBON DIOXIDEUSES:Carbonated beveragesRefrigerating and freezing (food, ice cream)Fire extinguisherspH control of waste waterProduction of ureaCARBON DIOXIDE - MANUFACTUREfrom synthesis gas in NH3 productionby-product in the production of substitute natural gasesfrom fermentationfrom natural wellsOBTAINING CO2 FROM FERMENTATION PROCESSAnother source of CO2 is fermentation industryIf yeast is used, alcohol and CO2 are producedYield of CO2 varies with mode of fermentationRecovery and purification of CO2 (from fermentation) requires no cooling (temp nearly 40C )So, No special cooling is necessary and CO2 content starts above 99.5%.FERMENTATION CO2 PURIFICATION METHOD3 scrubbers containing stoneware spiral packing; Weak alcohol solution removes most of the alcohol carried by gas;next 2 scrubbers use deaerated water (removes water soluble impurities); Potassium di chromate oxidisex the alcohol and aldehyde in the gas and coolsH2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.Sodium carbonate removes entrained acid in gas; when acid is neutralised, CO2 is releasedOil scurbber contains glycerin; absorbs the oxidsex products and send odorless gas to compressorH2SO4 after use is send to distillery for pH controlHYDROGENImportant gaseous raw material for chemical and petroleum industriesSold as gas or liquidUsed in making Ammonia, methanol, etc.Envisioned as fuel for futureRenewable fuel (Green)MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENDerived from carbonaceous materials (primarily hydrocarbons) and/or waterCarbonaceous materials or water is decomposed by application of energy which may be electrical, chemical or thermalOther methods also existELECTROLYTIC METHOD (WATER/BRINE)Produces high purity water (>99.7 % pure)Passing direct current through an aqueous solution of alkali and decomposing the water i.e. Electrolysis cell electrolyzes 15% NaOH solution and uses Iron cathode and Nickel plated iron anode, has asbestos diaphragmOperates around 60 70 C. Produces around 56 L of hydrogen ; 28 L Oxygen ; per Mega JoulePure H2 is suitable for hydrogenating edible oilsHYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLSTEAM-HYDROCARBON REFORMING PROCESSCatalytically reacting a mixture of steam and hydrocarbons at elevated temperaturesForms a mixture of H2 and oxides of CLight hydrocarbons are used e.g. CH4REFORMING REACTIONFirst reaction is ReformingHighly endothermic high T & low PExcess steam is usedSHIFT REACTIONSecond reaction is water-gas-shift reactionMildly endothermic Low TExcess steam used to force reaction to completionCatalyst is used (Fe2O3)STEAM REFORMINGBoth reactions occur in Steam Reforming Furnace at Temp 760 980 C. Composition of product stream depends upon process conditions, including T, P and excess steam, which determine equilibrium and the velocity through the catalyst bed (approach to equilibrium)Product contains app 75% H2, 8%CO, 15% CO2. Remainder N2 and unconverted CH4PRODUCING ADDITIONAL HYDROGENWater gas shift conversionAdditional steam is usedTemp is reduced to 315 C 370 CSingle stage converts 80 to 95% of residual CO to CO2 and H2Reaction is exothermic, reaction T rises; enhances the reaction rate but adverse effect on equilibriumSHIFT CONVERSIONWhen high conc of CO exist in feed, shift conversion is conducted in 2 or more stagesInterstage cooling to prevent excessive temp riseFirst stage at High T, to obtain high reaction rateSecond stage at low T, to obtain good conversionHYDROGEN MANUFACTURE PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESSRank next to steam-hydrocarbon process in the amount of Hydrogen madeUse natural gas, refinery gas or other hydrocarbon gas mixtures as feedstockBenefit also accept liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks such as gas oil, diesel oil and heavy fuel oil PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESSNon catalytic partial combustion of the hydrocarbon feed with oxygen in the presence of steam Combustion chamber temp 1300 and 1500 CWhen methane is usedFirst reaction is highly exothermic and produces enough heat to sustain the other two reactionsOverall ReactionPARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESSFor efficient operation, heat recovery using Waste Heat Boilers is importantProduct gas composition depends upon the carbon/hydrogen ratio in feed and amount of steam addedPressure does not have a significant effect and conducted at 2 4 MPa. This permits the use of more compact equipment and reducing compression costsCOMPOSITION OF MIXTUREProcess has higher carbon oxides/hydrogen ratio than steam-reformer gasREMAINING CONVERSIONSame as for Steam-hydrocarbon reforming processWater gas shift conversionCO2 removal via mono/di ethanol amine scrubbingMethanationCOAL GASIFICATION PROCESSMore emphasis on Coal as feedstock for hydrogen due to diminishing oil and gas resourcesWill be discussed later in Coal GasificationGases produced require the water-gas shift conversion and subsequent purification to produce high-purity hydrogen. COMPARISON FOR 4 MAIN PROCESS FOR H2 MANUFACTUREHydrogen PurificationCO, CO2 & H2S removalCO Removal Water gas shift reactionCO2 & H2S MEA/DEA (mono/di ethanolamime). Chemical ReactionsStripping with steam at 90-120CCapable of reducing CO2 conc to < 0.01% by volumeDISADVANTAGE OF ETHANOLAMINESCorrosive nature of ethanolaminesCorrosion most severe at elevated temps and high conc of acid gas in solutionUse of stainless steel on vulnerable areasLimiting the conc of ethanolamines in aq solution to limit CO2 in solution, removing O2 from system and degradation productsUse of corrosion inhibitorHOT POTASSIUM CARBONATE PROCESSSimilar to Amine treatmentLess purity than amine treatment (CO2 conc down to 0.1% volume); though more economical for conc down to 1% or greaterHot/Boiling solution absorbs CO2 under pressureSteam consumption is reduced and Heat Exchangers eliminated.Catacarb process mainly important (catalyst)ADSORPTION PURIFICATIONFixed bed adsorption can remove CO2, H2O, CH4, C2H6, CO, Ar and N2 impuritiesThermal and Pressure Swing AdsorptionThermal impurity adsorbed at Low T and desorbed thermally by raising TempPressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Impurities are adsorbed by molecular sieve under pressure and desorbed at same T but low PressurePurge gas may be used to aid desorptionFor continuous operation 2 beds are normally employed.ADVANTAGE OF PSA OVER THERMAL ADSORPTIONOperate at shorter cycleThereby reduces vessel sizes and adsorbent requirementsCapable of purifying typical hydrogen stream to less than 1 to 2 ppm total impurities (high purity)CRYOGENIC LIQUID PURIFICATIONHighly purity >99.99% obtained when hydrogen separated from liquid impurities (N2 and CO, CH4)Employed at -180C; 2.1 MPaFinal purification with activated Carbon, silica gel or molecular sievesOxygenManufacturingAir separation methods:Cryogenic processPressure swing adsorption processElectrolysis of waterBy chemical reaction in which oxygen is freed from a chemical compoundPROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR OXYGEN & NITROGEN PRODUCTIONThe air is compressed to about 94 psi (650 kPa or 6.5 atm) in a multi-stage compressor. It then passes through a water-cooled cooler to condense any water vapor, and the condensed water is removed in a water separator. The air passes through a molecular sieve adsorber. The adsorber contains zeolite and silica gel-type adsorbents, which trap the carbon dioxide, heavier hydrocarbons, and any remaining traces of water vapor. Periodically the adsorber is cleaned to remove the trapped impurities. This usually requires two adsorbers operating in parallel, so that one can continue to process the air-flow while the other one is flushed The pretreated air stream is split. A small portion of the air is diverted through a compressor, where its pressure is boosted. It is then cooled and allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure. This expansion rapidly cools the air, which is injected into the cryogenic section to provide the required cold temperatures for operation. The main stream of air passes through one side of a pair of plate fin heat exchangers operating in series, while very cold oxygen and nitrogen from the cryogenic section pass through the other side. The incoming air stream is cooled, while the oxygen and nitrogen are warmed. In some operations, the air may be cooled by passing it through an expansion valve instead of the second heat exchanger. In either case, the temperature of the air is lowered to the point where the oxygen, which has the highest boiling point, starts to liquefy. The air streamnow part liquid and part gasenters the base of the high-pressure fractionating column. As the air works its way up the column, it loses additional heat. The oxygen continues to liquefy, forming an oxygen-rich mixture in the bottom of the column, while most of the nitrogen and argon flow to the top as a vapor. The liquid oxygen mixture, called crude liquid oxygen, is drawn out of the bottom of the lower fractionating column and is cooled further in the subcooler. Part of this stream is allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure and is fed into the low-pressure fractionating column. As the crude liquid oxygen works its way down the column, most of the remaining nitrogen and argon separate, leaving 99.5% pure oxygen at the bottom of the column. Meanwhile, the nitrogen/argon vapor from the top of the high-pressure column is cooled further in the subcooler. The mixed vapor is allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure and is fed into the top of the low-pressure fractionating column. The nitrogen, which has the lowest boiling point, turns to gas first and flows out the top of the column as 99.995% pure nitrogen. The argon, which has a boiling point between the oxygen and the nitrogen, remains a vapor and begins to sink as the nitrogen boils off. As the argon vapor reaches a point about two-thirds the way down the column, the argon concentration reaches its maximum of about 7-12% and is drawn off into a third fractionating column, where it is further recirculated and refined. The final product is a stream of crude argon containing 93-96% argon, 2-5% oxygen, and the balance nitrogen with traces of other gases. The air is compressed to about 94 psi (650 kPa or 6.5 atm) in a multi-stage compressor. It then passes through a water-cooled cooler to condense any water vapor, and the condensed water is removed in a water separator. The air passes through a molecular sieve adsorber. The adsorber contains zeolite and silica gel-type adsorbents, which trap the carbon dioxide, heavier hydrocarbons, and any remaining traces of water vapor. Periodically the adsorber is cleaned to remove the trapped impurities. This usually requires two adsorbers operating in parallel, so that one can continue to process the air-flow while the other one is flushed The pretreated air stream is split. A small portion of the air is diverted through a compressor, where its pressure is boosted. It is then cooled and allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure. This expansion rapidly cools the air, which is injected into the cryogenic section to provide the required cold temperatures for operation. The main stream of air passes through one side of a pair of plate fin heat exchangers operating in series, while very cold oxygen and nitrogen from the cryogenic section pass through the other side. The incoming air stream is cooled, while the oxygen and nitrogen are warmed. In some operations, the air may be cooled by passing it through an expansion valve instead of the second heat exchanger. In either case, the temperature of the air is lowered to the point where the oxygen, which has the highest boiling point, starts to liquefy. The air streamnow part liquid and part gasenters the base of the high-pressure fractionating column. As the air works its way up the column, it loses additional heat. The oxygen continues to liquefy, forming an oxygen-rich mixture in the bottom of the column, while most of the nitrogen and argon flow to the top as a vapor. The liquid oxygen mixture, called crude liquid oxygen, is drawn out of the bottom of the lower fractionating column and is cooled further in the subcooler. Part of this stream is allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure and is fed into the low-pressure fractionating column. As the crude liquid oxygen works its way down the column, most of the remaining nitrogen and argon separate, leaving 99.5% pure oxygen at the bottom of the column. Meanwhile, the nitrogen/argon vapor from the top of the high-pressure column is cooled further in the subcooler. The mixed vapor is allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure and is fed into the top of the low-pressure fractionating column. The nitrogen, which has the lowest boiling point, turns to gas first and flows out the top of the column as 99.995% pure nitrogen. The argon, which has a boiling point between the oxygen and the nitrogen, remains a vapor and begins to sink as the nitrogen boils off. As the argon vapor reaches a point about two-thirds the way down the column, the argon concentration reaches its maximum of about 7-12% and is drawn off into a third fractionating column, where it is further recirculated and refined. The final product is a stream of crude argon containing 93-96% argon, 2-5% oxygen, and the balance nitrogen with traces of other gases. Higher Oxygen purityIf higher purity is needed, one or more additional fractionating columns may be added in conjunction with the low-pressure column to further refine the oxygen product. In some cases, the oxygen may also be passed over a catalyst to oxidize any hydrocarbons. This process produces carbon dioxide and water vapor, which are then captured and removed. If the oxygen is to be liquefied, this process is usually done within the low-pressure fractionating column of the air separation plant. Nitrogen from the top of the low-pressure column is compressed, cooled, and expanded to liquefy the nitrogen. This liquid nitrogen stream is then fed back into the low-pressure column to provide the additional cooling required to liquefy the oxygen as it sinks to the bottom of the column. UsesIt is one of the life-sustaining elements on Earth and is needed by all animals. Oxygen and acetylene are combusted together to provide the very high temperatures needed for welding and metal cutting When oxygen is cooled below -297 F (-183 C), it becomes a pale blue liquid that is used as a rocket fuel. It is used in blast furnaces to make steel, and is an important component in the production of many synthetic chemicals, including ammonia, alcohols, and various plastics.

Engineering Mechanics TBA Environmental Science, 8ed TBA UTU”Engineering Chemistry” TBA Elementary Principles of Chemical Process, 4ed TBA CSVTU “Engineering Chemistry” TBA Applied. Shreve chemical process - Bing - Free PDF Downloads. Shreves Chemical Process Industries Handbook [Nicholas Basta] on Chemical Process Industry Description: shreves chemical routine industries by george. Introduction to the chemical process industries (Stephenson, Richard M.) Journal of Chemical Education. 1967 44 (5), p A470. Download Citation Email a Colleague Order Reprints Rights & Permissions Citation Alerts Add to ACS ChemWorx.

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Covers the major chemical processes and their technical and economic relationships. Intended for professionals and students, this work offers guidance in the designing and operating of processing units.

Published October 1st 1984 by McGraw-Hill (first published June 1st 1977)

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